Varying Interpretations of Heart of Darkness and...

Varying Interpretations of Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now The true meaning of varying interpretations comes alive when one compares the two film versions of Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now have the same basic outline and underlying themes, however the plots, characters, settings, time, purposes, and points of view differ enough to create two extremely different effects and two entirely opposite movies. Both movies depict an insanity: of man in Heart of Darkness and of war in Apocalypse Now. It is ironic that Heart of Darkness, the movie replica of the novel, is a boring, slow-paced flop of a production, while Apocalypse Now, a loosely based film, had great success and audience†¦show more content†¦Marlow watches Kurtz die and whisper his last words, The horror! The horror! Marlow returns home to visit Kurtzs fiancà © and, instead of telling her that Kurtz went crazy in the jungle, he upholds her belief that Kurtz was a great man. The story flashes back to present time where the Nellie is sa iling away into the heart of darkness (Heart of Darkness: Theme/Symbol/Allusion/Foreshadow). The similarities between the novel and movie versions of Heart of Darkness are numerous, right down to exact quotations, costumes, and scenes. In the opening scene, Marlow describes his expedition into the Congo as the farthest point of navigation and the culminating point of my experience exactly as in the book (Conrad 70). The movie accurately depicts the women knitting black wool and the colored map with the snake-like river as Conrad vividly describes them (pp. 73-74). The mood of the scene when Marlow and his crew finally approach Kurtzs Inner Station is also well-depicted with the foggy air, the noises in the forest (p. 110), the fighting of the crew members (pp. 110-114), the eyes hiding in the bushes (p.114), the swarm of arrows that attack the boat and kill Mfumu, (pp. 119-120) and the cannibals falling from the trees after Mfumu is thrown overboard (p. 124). The mental image of Kurtz that Conrad portrays in his physical and emotional description is also shown suitably in th eShow MoreRelatedReligious Unrest in Nigeria9418 Words   |  38 Pagessuccessful completion of my term paper Besides it’s with a mouth speechless with thanks and heart heavy with gratitude that i acknowledge the general contributions of my sister nkem Ogbobe and others who’s varying ideas led to my completion of this term paper. Finally i appreciate with felicity, the felicitation and aids of friends whose names are not written in this book but are always in my heart. However errors of omission and commission remain entirely mine. Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesconceived and remarkably comprehensive, Bonnie Smith’s essay provides an overview of the gendering of political and social transformations over the course of the twentieth century. Attentive to differences across cultures and regions and under varying political regimes, Smith chronicles the struggles of women to improve their situation within the domestic sphere and the conditions under which they labored to expand the career opportunities available to them at different times and in diverse settingsRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesProject Management Body of Knowledge (2008). †¢ Revised Chapter 14 to include project retrospectives. Chapters 2, 4, 6, 7, and 12, have been updated. †¢ New student exercises and cases have been added to most chapters. †¢ Answers to selected exercises are now available in Appendix 1 †¢ A third major computer exercise has been added to the Appendix 2; †¢ The â€Å"Snapshot from Practice† boxes feature a number of new examples of project management in action as well as new research highlights that continue to promote

Women in Technology and the Meritocracy Myth - 1982 Words

Women in Technology and the Meritocracy Myth Although many women make a career in the technology industry, it is shown that there is a low percentage of women in the technology industry due to the meritocracy myth.The meaning of the word meritocracy [mer-i-tok-ruh-see] is government or the holding of power by people selected according to merit (Oxford Dictionaries). The technology industry can be considered as a virtual world with many different career areas one can pursue with the right set of skills and knowledge. The meritocracy myth can be thought of paper going through a shredder as what was on the paper does not matter because all of the little shreds are viewed the same. In most cases women are often victims of sexism because they feel as if they must work harder than men do, they receive lower pay, and have stereotypes based on their gender. Sexism is shown in the technology industry by how most women do not get paid equally as their male co-workers, if anything they get lower salaries â€Å"According to an annual salary survey of about 4,000 gaming professionals by Game Developer magazine, female animators made $26,000 less than their male counterparts in 2001 (Tasneem Raja). The different treatment women get by the low salaries they make compared to their male co-workers is sexist to them, sexism is described as prejudice or discrimination based on sex, or the unfair treatment of people because of their sex (Merriam-Webster). Women in technology often feel asShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality Against Young Black Men Essay1793 Words   |  8 Pagespolice officers in the last year. The alarming rate at which young Black men and women are being killed is evidence that their lives are not held with high regard. Police brutality against young Black men and women has been perpetrated at alarming rates. 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My Last Duchess and Othello, IV, iii Free Essays

In the dramatic form, be it monologue, dialogue or full theatrical scene, the author cannot step into the action to comment or interpret for us, as he can in a novel.   We must draw our own conclusions from what we see and hear, and this makes for powerful effects, as a character reveals him- or herself to us by what he or she says or does.   In the monologue My Last Duchess Browning misleads us with great skill before we realize that we are listening to a criminal lunatic. We will write a custom essay sample on My Last Duchess and Othello, IV, iii or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dramatic force lies in the surprise we feel as the truth finally emerges.   In Act IV, scene iii of Othello there is again an agonizing irony for the viewer, who knows more than Desdemona and is of course impotent to help her.   Shakespeare works like a dentist without an anaesthetic, and the pain for the audience derives from the unbearable innocence of the doomed Desdemona, who is surely something like the Duchess in Browning’s poem, helpless and bewildered in the face of a murderous insanity in her husband. Browning’s Duke sounds so sane!   He is wonderfully gracious and articulate – â€Å"Will’t please you sit and look at her?† (5).   As he tells his story he seems to weigh his words with great caution, as if he is quite free of the distorting power of anger or any other passion, and is keen to avoid any unfairness in his judgment: â€Å"She had / A heart – how shall I say? – too soon made glad† (21-2), â€Å"†¦but thanked / Somehow – I know not how – as if she ranked†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (31-2). He never raises his voice, and speaks with a measured confidence that quite takes us in. At first we might be tempted to believe that his attitudes are reasonable: â€Å"Sir, ‘twas not / her husband’s presence only, called that spot / Of joy into the Duchess’ cheek† (13-15).   His manner is restrained even as he hints at her infidelity.   The painter flattered her about her appearance, as of course he would, being a Renaissance artist totally dependent on patronage, but she was charmed by it – foolishly, the Duke suggests. â€Å"She liked whate’er / She looked on† (23-24).   She was delighted by the beauty of the sunset, and the little tribute from the man who gave her the cherries, just as much as â€Å"My favour at her breast† (25).   What he seems to be objecting to is her failure to be properly selective and aristocratic in her tastes.   This is a rather extreme sort of snobbery, but perhaps not unprecedented; we may not find it attractive, but we may accept it as a feature of a proud man with a â€Å"nine-hundred-years-old name† (33). All the time, Browning is luring us up the garden path.   We begin to detect the problem.   The Duke is immensely proud, a man of great heritage, while she is free of snobbery, charmed by the delights of the world and human kindness, and genuinely innocent. (Infidelity does not now seem to be the Duke’s concern.)   Then we begin to see how his pride is really pathological arrogance. â€Å"Even had you skill / In speech – (which I have not)† (35-36), (he lies, of course) to explain your objection to her behavior – which is clearly quite â€Å"normal† – it would involve â€Å"stooping, and I choose / Never to stoop† (42-3).   So, rather than speak to her about his dissatisfaction, which would involve impossible condescension by him, he chose to solve the problem rather more radically: â€Å"This grew; I gave commands; / Then all smiles stopped together† (45-6). It takes a moment for us to register what he did, so unbelievable is it and so evasively phrased.   Then, having confessed to murder, or, rather, boasted of it, he continues his negotiations for his next Duchess, celebrating, incidentally, one of his favorite art works, â€Å"Neptune†¦ Taming a sea-horse† (54-5), the very image of the brutal control that he has himself exerted over his innocent last Duchess. The willow scene from Othello works differently, of course, because it is a dialogue, though it is the inner workings of Desdemona’s mind that the dramatic form reveals here, just as much as is the case in Browning’s poem There is an almost intolerable pathos about this scene because Desdemona is so helpless.   She has a good idea of what is going to happen – â€Å"If I do die before thee, prithee shroud me /   In one of those same sheets† (24-5) and is impotent in the face of her fate. There seems to be no defence against the ruthless execution of Othello’s enraged will. She is in a sort of trance, a hypnosis of shock.   All she can do is wait for the end, and the pathetic simplicity of her reflections here is the sign of a wounded spirit in retreat from reality.   The tragic atmosphere is given additional poignancy by the occasional interruption of the everyday details of â€Å"undressing for bed†, the habitual continuing because there is nothing else to do in the face of the worst – â€Å"Prithee unpin me† (21). She continues at moments to pretend that this is just an ordinary night: â€Å"This Lodovico is a proper man† (35), not a comparison of Othello with her country forms, but a pathetic attempt at gossip. But her real thoughts emerge in the obsession with the willow song, which she cannot resist. It is the perfect mirror of her own fortune: â€Å"And she died singing it; that song tonight / Will not go from my mind† (30-1). Like a detail from a psychoanalyst’s casebook comes the unprompted line in the song that gives away the deepest thoughts of the willing victim. –Let nobody blame him, his scorn I approve, — Nay, that’s not next.   Hark!   Who’s that knocks? –It is the wind.† (51-3) She corrects herself, but the absolute terror of realisation goes through her. The heroic innocence of Desdemona is highlighted by her conversation with Emilia. While Desdemona genuinely believes that no woman could in fact commit adultery â€Å"for all the world† (63), and swears that she herself would not do it â€Å"by this heavenly light† (64), Emilia responds, â€Å"Nor I neither, by this heavenly light, / I might do it as well in the dark† (65-6), and goes on to consider just what â€Å"all the world† might mean as a reward for the sin. Emilia is not immoral. It is just that Desdemona is on a superhuman and heroic level of behavior, and Emilia is on the normal level.   Compared with Desdemona’s helplessness in the face of the corruption of Othello, Emilia’s jokes have an immensely remedial health.   It is not a criticism of Desdemona, but it is a firm placing of trust in the human by Shakespeare. We can imagine that what Desdemona feels and says is very close to the response of Browning’s Duchess.   Both of them are innocent and benevolent women faced by deranged men.   The creation of character and the realization of human dilemma in the dramatic form are forceful and, in these two cases, immensely painful for the audience or reader.   The form makes the reader peculiarly impotent in the face of disaster. We would like to stand up in the theatre and shout at the stage, like the lady in the famous story, â€Å"You great black fool, can’t you see she’s innocent?†       How to cite My Last Duchess and Othello, IV, iii, Essay examples

Cameron Auto Parts Analysis Essay Example For Students

Cameron Auto Parts Analysis Essay At that time, Alex had to cut the workforce from 720 to 470 people. He was thinking Of different Steps Of how to increase his sales. He wanted to enter foreign markets but didnt have enough resources to do so on its own. He had different options on his mind such as licensing and joint venture. He had a big ambition for diversification, but he never had to design and develop its own products and had never hired any design engineers. By mid-1993, Alex had hired a key-engineer from a Canadian firm and the company developed its own line of flexible couplings with an advanced design and efficient production process using the latest in production equipment. They developed a good marketing plan and made a successful new product. Cameron was then faced with how to market and sell the product. He needed to decide whether it was better to expand current facilities, or license to outside companies. He was considering licensing since there was an opportunity for it and it would be a good way for quick entry to foreign markets. Developing new product Being a competitive company Alex should address the importance of the reduce enhancement by technology change and advanced design. Additional returns will be gained with the introduction of new products. Due to Cameron depending on Big Three and neglected to foster the innovation potential of the firm, sales dropped dramatically with the global economy slowdown. For independence Of the Big Three, Alex decided to make a major product innovation. He paid almost $1 million for developing own products and finally the company had an advanced product related to the existing line. This new product held the greatest opportunity for long-term business growth and product pacification. It is a unique advantage for increasing market share because Ales new product could be widely used in large or small firms. It didnt have a specific target market. For achieving new business goals he should kept sustainability on mind; it can be a powerful tool for both achieving new business goals and avoiding bankruptcy. Alex invested in new technology and hired a professional engineer to design products related to the existing line in order to develop Cameramans own product. It new products hold the greatest opportunity for long- ERM business growth, product specification can be a unique advantage for increasing market share. Additionally, Alex was not worried about creating a new market and he saved money on marketing, By mid-1993, sales increased to $45 million and recovery was well since the product innovation began to make company competitive and get profits As a leader, Alex had a success in organizing, leading, and controlling the development of a new product. New Marketing Plan Cameron Auto Parts faced some set of problems because of uncertainties when the company attempted to enter the market place. Cameron knew flexible type of coupling could be a good product in market place due to broad applications across diverse industries. However, they did not know how to operate market system effectively and lacked specific marketing plans. Fortunately, Cameron overcame some difficulties related With marketing plan and became pretty successful in competitive markets. There were some valuable marketing strategies to approach to the competition in terms of flexible couplings. Alex made decisions to hire eight field sales representatives to support distributors all over the country. After that, he also hired some several Canadian Based sales representatives to cover major markets. Moreover, the company tried to continue having good relationships with key buyers associated with major industries. Design group was an essential role to develop new types of couplings. Cameron was willing to pay attention on solving customers problem as well. .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449 , .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449 .postImageUrl , .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449 , .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449:hover , .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449:visited , .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449:active { border:0!important; } .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449:active , .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449 .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf4cc06bff0088c130fceac9d1513f449:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Princess Diana (521 words) EssayLicensing Alex wanted to capture foreign markets directly but he didnt have enough resources on its own to do that, After their promising new product was developed, they had a chance to license to a Scottish manufacturer, McGrath. Muscular couldnt build the market based on shipments from America because it was too expensive. There was 5% tariff coming in, freight and insurance was another on top of the price and also there was the matter of currency values. He wanted to enter a licensing agreement. McGrath already had a demand for the product So getting into a license agreement With him would be in Ales advantage. For Alex it was a good way to enter the U. K. Market swiftly via Megastars sales force. There was no financial risk involved. If Alex agreed on licensing he would have advantages such as low investment costs, reduced uncial risk and quick market entry. He agreed on a deal With McGrath for the U. K market only so he got his chance to exploit its technology there. The license granted to McGrath will help bring in the cash flow needed so that they can try to expand. However, the profit of the licensor may not be maximized since their involvement in the licensed markets is indirect. Alex wasnt quite sure about the agreement, sometimes he thought that an equity investment would have paid off better than being a licensor. Another of his disadvantages was shared profits. And he also had no objective yardstick against which to evaluate the royalty rate that they agreed on. Joint Venture Sandy proposed a 60 to 40 joint venture with Cameron, allowing the authority to control and responsibility tort managing the venture in Australia. Sandy insisted they had lots of experience in Australia and pointed out their knowledge on the market as well. Sandy also suggested a management tee of four percent on sales for them, and a royalty of two and a half percent to Alex. During the negotiation between Sandy and Alex, about the joint venture agreement in Australia, there as a rising issue. Alex was quite disappointed about Sandy because Alex did not know Sandy was selling flexible couplings in Europe and Australia. Despite of increased profits, the awareness of Sandy taking advantage of imperfect license agreement made Alex to have second thoughts about Sandy. Ender some proposals associated with joint venture from McGrath, Alex preferred having a silent partner basis relating to the joint venture. Moreover, Alex was concerned about whether to expand the market into Australia or not. Since Cameramans resources are limited, Alex has to make an informed decision. It takes courage for Cameron Auto Parts to give up the European market for a small percent Of loyalty from Australian market. Cameron Auto Parts had two product lines and th ey were growing very quickly. Because of the company just recovering from the economic depression, it was not a good time to expand two product lines so quickly. Outsourcing might be an option to help the company save money, find another company which will be able to produce high quality auto parts for cheaper, Alex signed his licensing agreement within a week; he didnt take any advice at all trot his managers. There should have been more thought behind the decision than just an unexpected trip without consulting with the Cameron Auto Parts executive team. He didnt get consultation from his financial, operational and legal advisers. This is where he made a big mistake. If he took some advice, maybe he could have come up with a better deal, decide whether those were the appropriate royalties for him. The royalties they agreed on were too low and he just agreed on them. A good thing is that the licensing agreement is only for S years so if its not going ell he can change it to something different after, or they can renegotiate for a higher percentage in the future if they still want to.

Managing HR in a Global Environment

Globalization is responsible for the increase in the number of international job opportunities. In the last half of the twentieth century, developments in technology and in transportation and communication systems have catalyzed a process of transfer of manpower across borders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing HR in a Global Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This process started in the colonial era, but its significance grew with technological advancement. China is an emerging global power. China is pursuing an aggressive trade policy by seeking bilateral trade agreements with as many countries as possible. In Africa, China is providing grants for infrastructure development and in exchange it takes minerals and agricultural raw materials for its industries. The country is interested in raw materials for its industries and agricultural products for its growing population. As a result, China thro ugh its international investment companies runs operations in various continents. The aim of this paper is to explore the international HR strategy of China. In order to do this, there is a need to explore Chinese operations in Zimbabwe as a case study. This will form the basis for examining Chinese policy in Africa and the issues that surround international HR. Further, there is need to examine the effect of these policies both on locals and on expatriate Chinese workers. Review of the Case Zimbabwean workers employed by a Chinese firm in Zimbabwe on a state project complained about bad treatment by their Chinese superiors. The project, a military intelligence academy, was the first major trade agreement between the Chinese and the Zimbabwean government.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More China offered to build the academy in exchange for Zimbabwe’s mineral wealth. In p articular, China wanted a share of Zimbabwean diamonds. The Zimbabwean workers complained that their Chinese superiors abused them physically and psychologically. Physical abuse took the form of beating meted out to errant local workers. On the other hand, taunts and general mistreatment by the Chinese superiors led the Zimbabwean workers to feel psychologically traumatized. These reports were not taken seriously by the Zimbabwean government. It appeared that government officials were reluctant to raise the issues with their Chinese benefactors. That said, the workers were reluctant to let go of the construction jobs they held in the construction project. Unemployment levels in the country were so high that despite the difficult working conditions and low wages the Zimbabwean workers did not consider resigning from then jobs as an option. This case sets the stage for the discussion on the challenges of international HR. The reasons provided for the difficult relations between the Ch inese workers and the Zimbabweans included cultural differences, language barrier, and poor remuneration for the work done. Chinese working culture differs significantly from Zimbabwean working culture. The Chinese seem more accustomed to working for many hours in a day, exceeding the normal working hours that Zimbabwean workers expected to be on duty. In the orient, work is a key determinant of a person’s status in society. In Zimbabwe, and much of Africa, status is a function of age and wealth, and not a person’s work ethic.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing HR in a Global Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A strong work ethic is not necessarily a source of pride. Rather, if the results of that effort show in the creation of wealth, then it attracts status in society. On the issue of language, the Chinese workers were not conversant with local, languages just like the local worke rs were not conversant with the Chinese language. This situation led to many misunderstandings in the course of the project and was the cause of dissatisfaction among both groups. The workers used sign language to communicate. It is understandable why the atmosphere on site would be heated. Finally, the issue of low wages also created concern for the locals. Their wages were quite low considering they were working long hours. The situation was a precursor to labor problems. Attraction of Africa for the Chinese China’s footprint in Africa is increasing by the day. In the last ten years, Chinese firms driven by Chinese loans to African countries have been undertaking huge construction projects in different parts of Africa. A number of factors explain the Chinese interest in Africa. First, Africa is in need of development partners. The traditional development partners such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) are difficult to work with in comparison to the Chinese. Western development aid is normally given with conditions based on the country’s human rights record, its fiscal responsibility, and its political processes. As such, African countries find it difficult to borrow from western countries and other development partners that use the same principles. China on the other hand keeps aid and grants purely economic. It does not ask questions about the internal governance issues of any country.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, Africa governments find the Chinese less intrusive and easier to deal with as they seek financing to meet their development goals. Secondly, Africa is very rich in mineral wealth. Some commentators claim that Africa has the greatest quantities of mineral wealth compared to other continents. The historical scramble for Africa by European powers proves this. Africa actually produces a large quantity of natural resources and mineral wealth consumed by the rest of the world. Africa is also becoming an important supplier of crude oil. The southern and central parts of Africa produce minerals such as diamond, gold and copper, while North Africa is rich in oil. Thirdly, Africa is the source of timber and agricultural products. In fact, some African economies rely on agriculture as their basic means of earning foreign exchange. China needs agricultural products to feed its growing population, and therefore it is establishing relationships with African countries in order to have a source of food and agricultural products for its people. Some commentators believe that Chinese interest in the Renaissance dam in Ethiopia is based on the projections that the dam will transform Ethiopia’s agricultural industry because it will make large scale irrigation a reality. This in turn will assure China of large quantities of food imports. China’s economy is only second in size to the American economy. This makes the Chinese feel that they are in the right place to assume superpower status. Traditionally, China was a closed society. The Great Wall of China came up to keep raiders from the North from invading China and it also served as a symbol of Chinese determination to keep to itself. The recent upsurge of Chinese interest in international trade reveals Chinese desire to play a greater role in global issues. Chinese is busy launching international broadcast services in the countries it traditionally had very little to do with. Chinese scholarships are ava ilable to African students, and China is also setting up cultural centers in countries that it wants to relate to more closely. These activities show that China is interested in becoming a geopolitical power. Finally, China is doing business with Africa as part of its trade and investment strategy. China needs jobs for its citizens. Therefore Chinese companies launch projects in Africa and as part of the conditions, china exports labor thereby creating job opportunities for its citizens. In addition, China is making money from the interest it earns from loan repayments by countries it supports. The list of countries that owe China is growing, just like Chinese income from debt repayments is growing. Staffing Strategies Open to Multinational Corporations Any corporation that operates in more than one country must have an international staffing strategy. Crossing boarders bring several issues into play, such as legal and regulatory requirements, the need to transfer the companyâ€℠¢s corporate culture, and a desire to understand the indigenous culture of the new country. Kottolli identified four main staffing strategies in use by multinational corporations (1). The four strategies were the use of an ethnocentric approach, application of a polycentric approach, using a polycentric, and an indigenous strategy. An ethnocentric approach in international HR is the use of a home country executive to head subsidiaries in other countries. This is the most common approach during the early stages of Internationalization. The main advantage of this approach is that the mother company can feel secure that the new subsidiary is remaining aligned to the strategic direction of the company based on the presence of a home grown professional. In addition there is a greater chance of success in the transfer of corporate culture to a new territory when the executive understands the operations of the parent company. On the other hand, this approach can breed resentment from local s especially if the executive is less experienced than local workers. In some countries, it may lead to legal bottlenecks. The second approach to international HR strategy is the use of a polycentric approach. It is a compromise approach which allows local executives to work alongside an expatriate executive from the home country. It seeks to bring the benefits of the two worlds into the organization. The benefits associated with a polycentric approach is that it gives the organization a strong strategic position because it provides the organization with the best local knowledge buttressed against international experience. Secondly, it reduces the tension associated with full foreign control experienced by locals. Similarly, it gives the parent company a feeling of control over the affairs of their foreign subsidiaries. The disadvantage of a polycentric approach is that it sets up the organization for power struggles. The expatriate executive is likely to feel obliged to pursue busi ness in a manner that closely resembles the operations of the mother company, while the local executive might feel that some of the elements of this approach are not practical, acceptable or effective in the local operation. Thirdly, organizations can choose to use a meritocratic approach to international HR. This simply means that the best person in the organization heads the subsidiary. This is the ideal way of practicing HR, at least in theory. The benefit this approach presents to the organization is that it reduces the questions relating to the qualifications and suitability of the executive. Such an executive will command greater respect from all stakeholders compared to one chosen to meet other criteria. However, using a meritocratic approach does not shield the organization from questions relating to its HR policy. If the best person for the job is from the parent company, then the challenges associated with an ethnocentric system may surface. Finally, some organizations cho ose an indigenous approach to international HR. With this approach, the executives of the subsidiary all come from the locality. This approach is very useful if there is political or cultural incompatibility between the two countries. It hides the foreign face of the company. However, the risk of a distinct corporate culture emerging is higher. This risk translates into a threat when the corporate culture within subsidiaries differs significantly to the point that it affects business processes. Management Approaches used by Chinese Corporations The Chinese model of economic support for Africa differs from the models used by western countries and western development corporations. Chinese aid rarely makes it to Africa in form of cash. Rather, China pledges to provide the actual needs African countries need. For instance, a Chinese loan structured for the construction of a road may not leave Chinese banks. The money simply moves from one Chinese bank to another, where international roa d constructions companies have accounts. The construction company uses the money to hire some Chinese laborers and local workers from the lending country to work in the project. In effect, the money does not pass through the hands of the African government where the construction project is underway. This model of development makes it necessary for the Chinese companies to send their employees to African countries. Since most of the projects are infrastructure related or have very close Chinese interests intertwined with them, the best people to manage them are Chinese executives. Therefore, the most common model used by Chinese firms operating in Africa is the ethnocentric model. This is more pronounced in government initiated contracts. Chinese business people who travel to Africa to establish trade relations on their own also end up as the senior most executives of their companies. They may have local trading partners, but usually they will bring in Chinese nationals to take up th e executive functions. Perhaps the biggest barrier to Chinese International HR is the language barrier. There are few multilingual people with a working knowledge of the Chinese language as well as other international languages. This limits the extent of cooperation possible because of the risks that can occur because of the language barrier. Culture Shock and its Effect on Chinese Workers Inevitably, Chinese workers across the African continent deal with culture shock as part of the challenges they need to overcome on order to operate effectively in Africa. Chinese workers are accustomed to greater control from superiors based on the political environment of their country. In Africa, the situation is not similar. Most people are more vocal about their rights because of the years spent in promoting democratic ideals in Africa. Therefore Chinese supervisors tend to view African workers as arrogant and disrespectful. This may explain their resort to force to discipline errant workers. Africans are generally more social than the Chinese. They live in communities which are welcoming to foreigners, and practice hospitality. The Chinese workers in the African continent may find these overtures suspicious. For those who are able to see that Africans are simply being social with them, there is a good chance that they will enjoy beneficial friendships. Politically, Africa is on average about fifty years old since its independence from colonial powers. As such, many Africans are still sensitive to foreign control. Any actions by foreigners that seem to recreate a master-servant relationship are repugnant to Africans. Therefore, authoritarian superiors end up as very unpopular with African workers. In fact, there is growing disquiet among African workers employed by Chinese firms. Laborers and manual workers think the Chinese are brutal and authoritarian. This does not auger well with Africans who feel as though the Chinese are using colonialist attitudes in their relati onships with locals. On the social front, some of the Chinese workers living in Africa have engaged in relationships with locals, leading to the birth of children with mixed heritages. This phenomenon will increase of Chinese immigrants moving to Africa to trade. Some of them choose to settle in Africa after the completion of their contracts. This growing population of Chinese immigrants in Africa will be very instrumental in the future relations of China and Africa. Their understanding of local conditions and language, coupled with their knowledge of Chinese culture and working conditions will make them effective trade ambassadors. Works Cited Brookes, Peter and Ji Hye Shin. â€Å"China’s Influence in Africa: Implications for the United States.† 2006. The Heritage Foundation. Web. Davis, Irl M. The American Entrepreneur in Asia: A Personal Journey of Global Proportions. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2005. Print. East Asia Quarterly. â€Å"Are China’s Multinational C orporations Really Multinational?† East Asia Quarterly April-June 2012. Print. Kottolli, Arun. â€Å"International Staffing Strategy.† 2006. White Papers. Web. Schnurr, Matthew A and Larry A Swatuk. Natural Resources and Social Conflict: Towards Critical Environmental Security. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Print. Smith, David. â€Å"Workers Claim Abuse as China adds Zimbabwe to its Scramble for Africa.† 2012. The Guardian. Web. Sutter, Robert G. Chinese Foreign Relations: Power and Policy since the Cold War. Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield, 2012. Print. The Economist. â€Å"The Chinese in Africa Trying to Pull Together: Africans are Asking Whether China is making their Lunch or Eating it.† 2011. The Economist. Web. Walker, Danielle Medina, Thomas D Walker and Joerg Thomas Schmitz. Doing Business Internationally: The Guide to Cross-Cultural Success. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003. Print. Zhu, Zhiqun. China’s New Diplomacy: Ratio nale, Strategies and Significance. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 2010. Print. This essay on Managing HR in a Global Environment was written and submitted by user Trey Dillon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Chinas Rural and Urban Inequality

Chinas Rural and Urban Inequality Free Online Research Papers Introduction During the last three decades, China has great changes, and these changes were originally a series of progressive political reform-driven. The late 70’s of the last century, the agricultural sector reconstruct, this is known as the â€Å"agricultural reform†, lasted for eight years. The subsequent second period known as the â€Å"urban reform† began in 1985, until now it is still continuing. The rapid development of industrialization, restructuring of state-owned enterprises, trade openness increased export tax rebates and financial assistance links, as well as the gradual liberalization of the financial markets are the characteristics of this period. But the â€Å"urban reform† also brought the negatively impact: that is caused the inequalities between urban and rural increased again. The causes of inequality caused by urban and rural China is multifaceted, but the main reason is that â€Å"duality system†. Duality Household Registration System For a long time, China has implemented an urban-rural division of the duality household registration system. This household registration system was set up under the planned economic system, which is the product of urban-rural dual structure. The children born by urban residents are the urban account, and the children born in rural which rural farmers account, and from generation to generation. China was setup the high request for entry threshold of urban account, which was caused between urban and rural areas form an insurmountable gap. Unless the rural residents meet the harsh conditions requirements, otherwise not even think about into the city. In addition, coupled with the urban grain rationing system and the welfare housing allocation in the planned economy era, in effect, that was cut off the peasants into the city roads. This not only undermines farmers’ citizenship for the freedom of movement and choice of residence, but also objectively to curb the urban development. Until now, although some local government has relaxed the restriction of urban entrance, but the duality household registration system has not really been broken. Duality Employment System In the planned economy era, the urban employment problem by the government planned to make arrangements in urban areas, while the peasants were employed in the rural production teams. The jobs in urban are first offer to urban residents, only when the urban labor supply cannot meet the needs of urban jobs, then will offer to rural residents, so only a small number of peasants to the urban were fortunate sought the jobs. In addition to the planned recruitment and enrollment, the government strictly controlled the peasants into the urban. This system has 4 characteristic. First, policy support from the China’s government is inequality. For a long time, the China’s government was not bring the rural labor force into the national economic and social development plan, and they were not offer any special funds or project to support the rural labor force transfer to cities. A considerable period of time, the rural labor force cannot enjoy the vocational skills training from government. Even if the country has recently introduced training plan for peasant workers, but the amount of money and scale ratio of training are large differences compare with urban workers. In addition, the Government has not bring the management of peasant workers into the citys comprehensive management, the expenses for operation paid by peasants was increased their finance burden, resulting in rural labor force and urban labor force in terms of employment inequality. The second characteristic is employment pass inequality. Compared to the free movement of urban workers employed, the local government set up a number of restrictions and requirements in the transfer of rural labor employment, resulting in rural labor and urban labor have the great inequality in employment permit. For example: in some cities, the local government was stipulated the peasants to apply for a variety of procedures when they found the work in there, some local government also took the opportunity to collect various fees, increasing the cost of peasants to work elsewhere, resulting in an increasing burden on the farmers. Third is labor and social security inequality. In the course of employment of rural labor force are often subjected to unfair treatment. Firstly, the labor contract is not standardized. Most peasant workers do not sign labor contracts with employers; even if the signing of a contract, but also mostly one-way restriction contract, that means only restrict on migrant workers, but not restrict on the employing units. Secondly, the unequal pay. Rural laborers and urban workers engaged in the same work, but not the same as remuneration. Thirdly, production and living environment is poor. Look from the working conditions, peasant workers often do the dirtiest and the hardest work, and the safety and health conditions of enterprise were do not meet requirements of country. Working time of peasant workers in general is 10-12 hours, sometime up to 14-16 hours. Fourth are inequalities in social welfare. At present, farmers working in cities have not established the basic social security like medical care and injuries at work. When the peasant workers were injury suffered on the job or got the illness from the job, there is no corresponding system to protect their access to basic treatment costs, let alone compensate them. Although the state has issued the â€Å"Work-related Injury Insurance Regulations†, and explicitly requested that peasant workers into the insurance coverage of work-related injury, but still need to take some time for full implementation in China. In recent years with Chinas further reform, although the employment post implement the two-way choice, but the government will no longer restrict the farmers work in urban. However, some cities there are still occur a lot of the peasant discrimination policies on problem of employment, therefore urban enterprise recruitment is still biased towards urban dwellers. Some cities also expressly provides peasant workers are not allowed to enter in some industries, so mostly peasant workers in the city are do the dirty, tired, dangerous, and low wages jobs. Consequently, inequality employment opportunities for rural and urban residents still exist. Duality System of Income Distribution The citys industrial workers income comes from wages, while the income of peasants is mainly derived from agricultural income. Compared to urban industrial sector with a capital of a large scale, high level of accumulation, follow the rules of increasing returns to scale, advanced production methods, the technological progress is fast, high production efficiency, high economic efficiency, structure and other characteristics to change rapidly and so on, agricultural development has been remarkably weak position. This is because the farmers are engaged in agriculture has inherent weak nature: get the relatively large natural environment and climate influence, small-scale capital, per capita’s cultivated lands are few, low levels of accumulation, backward mode of production, technological progress is slow, sale prices of agricultural products are lower than its value, etc. Therefore, the income level of farmers is often lower than urban workers, this also caused many farmers were abandoning agricultural work to work in cities. In recent years, income disparities between urban and rural residents, and the income gap continued to widen. For example, rural per capita consumption expenditure in 2000 was only 33.4% of urban residents, 5.2% lower than in 1997, average declined 1.7% per annum. From an objective point of view, in the socialism stage, the income gap between urban and rural is impossible to eliminate, but the income gap between urban and rural should have a reasonable extent, this gap should be reduced gradually with the economic development, rather than the reverse. Duality Education System For a long time, Chinas dual education system continues to attract a lot of controversy; this is because the Chinese governments serious shortage of investment in education and all the money education business trend, resulting in the fact that education is not fair throughout China. The main reason for this inequality happened in the education system was: the government introduced the unfair policy in education. According to Southern Weekend reported: 75% of the compulsory education funds are burden by peasants. In this duality system, most of Chinas spending on education has focused on the urban education, specially the higher education. Sometimes, from newspapers and television news, we can see the rural schools are dilapidated, and even some rural schools did not have a classroom, the students are sitting on rocks to attend the class. In contrast, the urban schools are luxurious and beautiful, and their equipment is complete. In addition, the college entrance examination scores of rural candidates must be much higher than urban candidates, and then they are eligible to enter the same colleges or universities. Day after day, the inequitable education system will resulting in more rural students are obliged to discontinue schooling. Therefore, the Chinese Government can no longer ignore these problems. Conclusions We can conclude that Chinas dual system has created a heavy burden and unfair of rural residents. These burdens and inequality make the poverty life of peasants more difficult. As opposed to the high expenditure on education, the low income of peasants make they do not focus on education, coupled with inflated prices, many rural children are forced to work from an early age to earn money to alleviate the financial burden of the family. Duality systems will not only resulted in uneven distribution of wealth between urban and rural areas, and also led to situation of the rich people richer and the poor people poorer. Finally, I hope the Chinese Government will eliminate the duality system, so that Chinas economic development can be more comprehensive and powerful. I believe China will become a real powerful country, when the whole Chinese people were out of poverty. 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Analysis of Public Celebrity Apologies in America

Analysis of Public Celebrity Apologies in America Devin Black Julia TofantÃ… ¡uk Their circumstances and effects via analyzing specific cases Introduction Recently, I have become aware of a trend that has been sweeping across America – the celebrity apology, or precisely, the non-apology. I think I have always been aware of the constant apologies made by celebrities, but it has only been in the past year when I have actually paid attention to the words they were using to apologize, and under what circumstances they were apologizing. In fact, the exact moment when I became infatuated with the celebrity apology was when I was listening to a broadcast of the Opie and Anthony Radio Show in March 2014 and the hosts were discussing the numerous celebrity apologies that had been made during the previous week. Their discussion about celebrity apologies began to consume the show daily, until they officially established an â€Å"Apology Clock† on June 5, 2014 (Apology Clock, 2014). The experiment was to see if they could go t en days without a celebrity apology. The results showed that they could not, as there was at least one new apology a day and more often than not there were apologies from multiple celebrities. Their research ended unexpectedly one month later when one of the hosts became a victim of the celebrity apology. I will discuss more about this later in the paper. For the purposes of this paper, I will begin by defining the terms and scope the paper covers. Secondly, I will present some cases from a wide range of circumstances which celebrities apologized, and the results of their apology. Finally, I will discuss Americans’ reaction to the celebrity apology. Definitions According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary , a celebrity is defined as â€Å"a person who is famous.† For this paper, the definition will be narrowed to only a person who is recognizable in North America and broadened to include corporations, as these are considered individuals under the law. An apol ogy is defined as â€Å"an expression of regret for having done or said something wrong.† For this paper, we also need to consider the definition of a non-apology apology , which is defined as â€Å"a statement that has the form of an apology but does not express the expected contrition.† An example of a non-apology apology would be saying â€Å"I’m sorry that you feel that way† to someone who has been offended by a statement. This apology does not admit that there was anything wrong with the remarks made, and additionally, it may be taken as insinuating that the person taking offense was excessively thin-skinned or irrational in taking offense at the remarks in the first place (Lazare, 2005). Case Studies of celebrity apologies and the results of the apology There are hundreds, if not thousands of examples of celebrity apologies. For this paper, the time frame of the case studies of celebrity apologies examined will begin in 1998, well after the advent of the Internet. This starting point was chosen because the Internet disseminates information almost effortlessly, therefore more people would be aware of the apologies given by celebrities.

Social Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Social Change - Essay Example As per the data available of 2000 the most noted of these tribes were Pueblo, Iroquois, Blackfeet, Lumbee, Apache, Chippewa, Sioux, Choctaw, Cherokee and Navajo.2 However, it should be mentioned that all these tribes and suffer from ill health and poverty and related menaces like alcoholism and suicides. It is an extraordinary data to find that the American Indians consist only 1% of the population yet scores extremely high when poverty rate, suicide rate and alcohol percentage is taken into consideration. In accordance to 2003 census report it was found that about 88% of the Native American population lives under the poverty line.3 Other reports like Amnesty International of 2003 revealed that about 23% of all suicides committed in the US are by American Indians. American Indians also rank extremely high in the context of alcohol consumption and substance abuse. It is reported that 31% of alcoholism is linked with the American Indian community. Drug abuse is also reported as the rate of 26%. Unemployment is also high in this list of backwardness. It has been estimated that 34% of the American Indians are completely unemployed and about 40% o f the American Indians are partly unemployed. The American Indians also tops the list of community ill health. They are the most vulnerable community towards diabetes and heart related disease. They also record the highest percentage of infantile death.4 There are several causes of this backwardness. Initial military defeat has been morally and physically ramifying and this was corresponded by several factors like termination policies of the post world war period and slavery in the 19th century. In modern era they are deprived by favoritism, outlaw of language and culture, cultural assimilation with force, reservation related to confinement and overall cultural pressure along with economic and social discrimination.5 The "Digital Divide" is as well a major area of anxiety for Native Americans and other minority groups for the reason that many American Indians and Alaskan Natives have hitherto to be associated to basic telephone networks and are consequently unable to access the Internet, they are at jeopardy of falling even further behind in their facility to access employment, educational, and other prospects made accessible by information technology. 6 American Indians are also a racial community who from time to time face favoritism the same as African Americans do. In truth, earlier than the civil rights laws were endorsed, in some states three separate drinking fountains labeled "whites," "Colored" and "Indian" were found. There were as well three segments in some movie theaters. All of the civil rights decrees that defend people from favoritism for the reason that of race or color or national origin as well protect American Indians.7 Lately the Department of Justice took legal action a school district in Utah for not having a high school in the isolated community of Navajo Mountain. The Navajo and Paiute high school age students who reside in this community all had to go over 90 miles from home and live in dormitories or with relatives and attend boarding schools functioned by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The school district had constructed high schools in the communities where non-Indians lived. The school district argued that because the Indians live on a condition they didn't

Initiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Initiation - Essay Example Theseus sends his illegitimate son, Hippolytus to live in Troezen with his great-grandfather where he expected his stepson to inherit the rule of Troezen. Hippolytus only worshipped Artemis, the goddess of hunt, and failed to acknowledge the other gods. This angered the other gods in particular Aphrodite, the goddess of love. As a result Aphrodite plots Hippolytus’s death by making Phaedra, his step-mother, to fall in love with him (Gieseler 17). Aphrodite causes Phaedra to desire Hippolytus but her stepson is chaste. Hippolytus refuses the advances of his stepmother, who ultimately commits suicide because of this rejection. In her suicide letter to her husband Theseus, Phaedra accuses his stepson of raping her. After reading the paper, Theseus curses his stepson and the curse ultimately leads to his death. Hippolytus as a prince was expected to undergo an initiation process in order to become a member of Pandion’s land. It was during this solemn mystic rite event that her stepmother, Phaedra notices him and develops intimate feelings for him; influenced by the power of Aphrodite In the mythological essence, Hippolytus has no major character flaw that might make him the protagonist of this poem. His only mistake is turning down the advances of his stepmother, in a bid to stick to his chaste principles. His death is tragic, in the very least, but he lacks a major character flaw that led to the downfall of renowned protagonists such as Brutus (Gieseler 24). His father, on the other hand, is blinded by revenge and curses his son. Hippolytus is cursed by people he dearly loved, Theseus, for a sin he never committed. The death of Hippolytus does not fit death of a child motif. His father asked, â€Å"Woe is me! Is it a child’s life death robs me of?† (Gieseler 21). Death of a child motif is always applicable when a child dies without his or her parents’ involvement. However, in the play, Theseus’s curse on his son leads to his death. Hippolytus

Reproductive Health Bill Essay Example for Free

Reproductive Health Bill Essay The Reproductive Health Bill was first proposed in 1998 by Edcel Lagman of Albay. The said bill aims to improve and promote all methods of family planning, both natural and modern, to help our country’s dilemma regarding the continued growth of our population. The RH Bill gives information to family planning. It will improve maternal, infant and child health and nutrition. It promotes breast feeding. Then abortion will remain illegal and it is punishable by law but post-abortion complications will be given medical aid. It also contains prevention of reproductive tract infections like HIV/AIDS, STD, etc; treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancers, and prevention and treatment of infertility. It has elimination of violence against women and also education of sexuality and reproductive health. It includes male involvement and participation in the reproductive health and lastly education of reproductive health for the youth. For several reasons this bill has been an issue in our country for years. It has its pros and cons. Some say it is advantageous because it will really help in the country’s problem, the never ending growth of population that eventually leads to the country’s unchanging state of poverty. Some say it is a no no because of its very ill effects, immorality and sinful act. While, others have no idea what it is nor have any concern about what is happening around them which is really unfortunate. So the researchers thought of conducting a research concerning the thoughts and opinions of the youth about this bill. The youth’s perceptions are important, so are their awareness. Their awareness is a primary concern because they are the future generation. They should be aware of the things going around their environment in order for them to help and participate in developing the country’s economy into a better one. Their views and points may help the society after all.

The Evolution of Skin Tanning Essay -- Sociology Essays Research Paper

The Evolution of Skin Tanning One of Catherine’s insatiable obsessions in Ernest Hemingway’s The Garden of Eden is to darken her skin color. She accomplishes this by sun tanning at every opportunity possible, and naturally, her skin turns many shades darker. Catherine’s skin tanning fixation at the time the story takes place coincides with the premiere of skin tanning as a stylish and chic fashionable pursuit. Traditionally, tanned skin was undesirable to the public. Prior to the industrial revolution, most manual labor was done outside under the sun where such constant exposure resulted in darker skin. Consequently, because manual labor was a staple of the lower classes, tanned skinned also became associated with the destitute and unprosperous (BBC). Not only was dark skin undesirable, but people craved for pale skin. The relaxed elite wanted to show that they stayed indoors because of the needlessness to be outside in the sun doing any type of work of their own. Thus, pale skin became linked with the wealthy and high class (The Tanning Taboo). This lead to practices by the elite such as covering most of their body when they went swimming and carrying around parasols to shade themselves from the sun (Sun and Clouds). The desire for paleness dates all the way back to the ancient Greeks and Romans, who would use lead paints and chalk to make their faces white and colorless as possibl e (Tanning). In 18th century France and Elizabethan England, royalty would go to such lengths as powdering their faces with toxins to get a pale hue on their faces (The Tanning Taboo). Until the 20th century, nobody desired bronzed skin in Europe or America. A few events lead to the change in the public’s feelings toward tanned ski... ...f Tanning† California Tan Heliotherapy. 14 November 2002. http://www.californiatan.com/tanbasic/history_of_tan.ehtm - A website about tanning history from the 1920s to present. Rutherford, Kim. â€Å"The Tanning Taboo† September 2001. The Nemours Foundation. 14 November 2002. - The Nemours Foundation’s site aimed at informing kids about sun safety. â€Å"Sun and Clouds - The Sun in History† The Chemical Heritage Foundation. 14 November 2002. http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/chemo/readings/tsih.htm> - The Chemical Heritage Foundation’s site about the human/sun relationship. â€Å"Tanning† Cool Nurse. 14 November 2002. < http://www.coolnurse.com/tanning.htm> ‑ The Cool Nurse website about safe tanning that also reveals the development of the tan.

K pax

Mental Disorders are huge impacts in people's lives. In this movie I have learned that Proto, the main character who is supposedly from a different planet called â€Å"K-Paxar†. When Proto comes to Earth, you first see him in Grand Central Station In New York City when Proto mysteriously Just appears. When the police asks him where he Is from and he explains that he is from the planet K-PAXAR, he Is arrested and sent off to Bellevue, a psychiatric hospital. When he gets to the psychiatric hospital, he meets Doctor Powell. Doctor Powell asks Proto many questions Including, do they have families and do they have wives or husbands.Proto answers that they do not have any families on K-Paxar, nor do they have wives or husbands, and If the girlfriends gets pregnant, the kids will Just be wandering around almost as If they are orphans. At the first meeting with Proto and Doctor Powell, Proto eats an apple, which he calls the apple a â€Å"Red Delicious†. When he eats the apple he chews very loud, later on In the movie he eats a banana, with the peel on and he eats It whole. Proto says that he travels faster than the speed of light. Proto tells the doctor that he Is Three-Hundred and Thirty-seven years old in human years.Proto wears dark sunglasses because he says that he is very sensitive to the light. Later on in the movie proto tells Howe, which is another patient at the psychiatric hospital, that if he can succeed three tasks that Proto will cure Howe. The first task is to find the Blue bird of happiness, when they saw a blue bird everyone in the hospital was very excited to see. After Howe saw the Blue bird, proto gave him another task which was to ***** and the last wish was to stay at the hospital. Proto says he can only bring one person back to K-PAXAR. Proto says he can only stay until July. 27 at 5:51 A.M eastern time. Throughout the movie, Doctor Powell comes attached to Proto. At a fourth of July party at doctor Powell, when proto arrives to t he party he goes straight to the dog and has a conversation with the dog. When the food came out at the party, Proto was only eating the fruit salad. One of Doctor Bowel's daughters asked proto to push her on the swing. While Proto was pushing the girl, it seemed as if he has done it before but then Doctor Powell other daughter and Nephew turned on the sprinkler which flipped a switch and he just freaked out, almost as if he had a bad experience with water.

Loyalty and Betrayal in a Political Context

Two recent Chinese films, Chen Kaige’s Farewell My Concubine (1993) and Zhang Yimon’s   Hero (2002), have gained worldwide attention, garnering numerous awards in the process. Although set in very different periods of Chinese history, both films deal with the themes of loyalty and betrayal played out against a vigorously political backdrop. This political philosophy even weaves through out the stories, marking a radical change from previous socialist-realistic Chinese films which mainly had an operatic focus. In the past, Chinese films were heavily censored and did not appeal to a wide audience. What occurred within the Chinese culture to allow for films which gained international acclaim and dealt freely with controversial concepts, such as   the political atmosphere of China? Both Chen Kaige and Zhang Yimon are Chinese fifth generation directors. This genre evolved after Mao’s death in 1976, causing film to have   the widest international impact of all the Chinese arts reborn since then. Distinguished by a quantum leap from the political and cultural heritage of Mao, and achieving an â€Å"aesthetic breakthrough† with radically politicized ideological implications, this movement nevertheless was formed in a crucible (Zhang, 203). The 1984 release of Kaige’s film Yellow Earth revealed the emergence of a major new movement in world cinema, the fifth generation, which gained its name from critics and scholars based upon a retrospective examination of Chinese film history. It   is one of the cinema’s most important â€Å"new waves,† along with German expressionism, the French new wave, and Italian neo realism. The canon is comprised of the works of a group of young film artists with similar aesthetic and ideological motivations. The fifth generation emerged from the first graduating class of the Beijing Film Academy; students who had encountered tumultuous changes within their own lives, not being allowed to finish their high school educations, ( which didn’t resume until 1977), but being sent instead to the countryside as â€Å"intellectual youth,† becoming soldiers or laborers.   Although Kaige’s father was a well known Beijing film director, Yimou’s father had been an officer in Chiang Kai-Shek’s nationalist KMT army and Yimou was shut out of most educational, financial and social opportunities available to many of his future classmates at the Film Academy. However, the arrival of the Cultural Revolution functioned as a great equalizer, as   most members of the fifth generation forfeited education, saw their parents publicly criticized, and their lives swept up in turmoil. Yimou took up photography during this time, while Kaige tried to join the communist party.(Ij, 1). According to Paul Clark in his book Reinventing China: A Generation and its Film, the cultural revolution forever changed the members of the fifth generation. They emerged from it challenged by their experiences, endowing their films with a more critical attitude toward the cultural revolution and a more humane and realistic take on the lives of their fellow Chinese. While at the Beijing Film Academy the students had a shortage of textbooks from which to work. The professors instead exposed them to foreign films. Thus the students became filmmakers by watching and analyzing these foreign works. After graduation the students were assigned to various urban and rural studios across China, creating works that tried to reconstruct a national cinema after ten years of neglect and oppression. Rejecting rigid formalism, the filmmakers   created more realistic lighting, and used better actors and editors. They also created more ambiguous, less didactic stories. With the catastrophe at Tianamen Square in 1989,   and the ensuing crackdown on the fifth generation in the 1990s by authorities who weren’t comfortable with   many of the politics contained within the films, the restricted filmmakers began looking for international financing. The resulting films brought more international attention to Chinese cinema than ever before (Clark, 205). The filmmakers’ goals were to present themselves as artists with an aesthetic sensibility and to comment on the totality of their culture and history at a metaphorical or allegorical level. By assuming the margins vis a vis the mainstream, the Chinese new wave cinema offers itself as a substitute for and a supplement to, the emerging nationalist cinema. With spectacular visual effects, idiosyncratic and forceful storytelling, the films are a cultural reconstitution of Chinese modernity (Zhang, 276). Although originally banned in China, which allowed only one public showing because the film showed communism in a bad light, Farewell My Concubine is considered to be one of the fifth generation’s seminal works in focusing attention   from international audiences toward Chinese films.   Farewell My Concubine resembles several other fifth generation films in that it is a tale of human lives set against the context of China’s turbulent political upheaval during the mid twentieth century. Because it recalls the collective trauma of the cultural revolution, Farewell My Concubine and its engagement in the national memory has frequently been interpreted as an epic national narrative. Yet it also functions as a cataclysmic tale of loyalty and betrayal, an intimate story surrounding two Peking Opera performers, Xiaolou and Dieyi,   who bond as the young boys then named Shitou and Douzi. They   are severely abused by their training master and experience many hardships. But their friendship gets them through their difficulties.   This bond produces intense and lifelong loyalty between the two boys. They continue to be inseparable, until a prostitute named Juxian comes between them   when she marries Xiaolou. Later, the Japanese invasion and cultural revolution intervene in their relationship, provoking various declarations of betrayal. The story begins in 1934 and spans 53 years until 1977. The two men’s lives are viewed against a backdrop of a country in upheaval as the movies journeys through various times in China’s history. Each section, which is integral to the plot,   shows a different era in the lives of the characters and the historical background from the Warlords through the cultural revolution, including the Japanese invasion of 1937 and the communist takeover (â€Å"Farewell My Concubine,† 1). As the movie begins, a young Dieyi is abandoned at the opera troupe by his own mother after she cruelly cuts off his extra finger. Even though his mother, a whore, deserts him because he is a burden, he quickly gains a loving replacement in the form of Xiaolou. During the early lives of Dieyi and the other young actor, Xiaolou, the fierce friendship forms as they train and   are punished, always looking out for each other. From the first Xiaolou watches out for his little friend. He finds him a place to sleep and rebukes all the teasers. Later, Dieyi runs away, promising his three coins to Xiaolou.   Dieyi tells the master after he returns that Xiaolou was not responsible, just to punish him, even though Xiaolou is punished anyway. At another point, when Dieyi can’t remember his lines to say that â€Å" I am a girl,† and shuts down,   Xiaolou punishes him by forcing a stick in his mouth so that Dieyi will stay around and remain in the troupe. Yet this act of pain is also an act of love and Xiaolou cries throughout as he administers this rebuke. Thirteen years go by and their hardships pay off as the boys grow up to become major stage stars; their loyalty continues even as they are famous performers in Peking. Their bond becomes even stronger as they become more acclaimed. Although they are as close as two men can be, Dieyi yearns for even more. Even though the subject of homosexuality is only once overtly referred to in Farewell My Concubine, its presence is never far from the surface.   Xiaolou rejects that sort of connection from Dieyi, yet   nothing still comes between them; or so it seems. After Xiaolou saves a prostitute with a fake declaration of engagement, she comes to him and forces him to make good on the public acknowledgement. They marry, and while Xiaolou makes his stage brother Dieyi, his best man, Dieyi feels betrayed and acts pettishly, refusing even to come to the party until the last minute, then leaving abruptly. With Juxian in the picture, Dietyi has a moral dilemma which becomes confusing to him. From the beginning his sense of identity has been muddled, with the master’s continual insistence that he say â€Å" I am a girl,† in his role as a female within the opera. Yet role acting and reality have become blurred for him. As a child his mother was a prostitute, he was raped by an old man, his friend was stolen from him by a woman, then he goes to Master Yeun in a sexual   relationship (â€Å" Farewell My Concubine,†1). Later, in Dieyi’s trial for fraternizing with the Japanese (said fraternizing occurring only because he is trying to save Xiaolou and is promised by Juxian that she will leave her husband and return to the brothel if he helps, but she reneges), all Dieyi’s friends try to cover for him, even lying that he had been taking away in handcuffs. Dieyi rebukes them publicly, saying that he sang of his own free will,   causing the others to lose face by his betrayal to their loyalty. As mentioned previously, Farewell My Concubine has been considered to be an epic national epic, but contrary to this popular perception, Kaige focuses on the intimate architectural spaces of his native city Beijing and recalls its past; the pain of betrayal is vividly depicted in the film as the two stage brothers are publicly forced to renounce each other with irreversible consequences. Those unfamiliar with the history of Chinese communism are in for a shocking crash course as the devastating scenes unfold (â€Å"Chinese Film, 1). During the cultural revolution, both men, betrayed by a boy Dieyi saved from death, are forced to parade as spectacles in full operatic regalia. Yet they resemble pathetic clowns with mismatched makeup and signs around their necks.   Xiaolou and Dieyi are made to kneel with countless others to confess their sins against the people. Touchingly, but to no avail, Dieyi attempts his usual trick of swooping Xiaolou’s makeup up in order to make it look better. However,   garish makeup seems to be the least of their worries. Forced to talk against each other, Xiaolou starts out in euphemistic terms, declaring Dieyi to be one who sang for all, both small and great; a man who is a consummate artist of the people and for the people. Yet this is turned against him and he must betray Dieyi with more vehement declarations.  Ã‚   Even though Dieyi sang for the Japanese in order to free him, Xiaolou declares him a traitor and also tells the masses of his illicit homosexual relationship with Master Yeun. After Dieyi calls Juxian a prostitute in retaliation, Xiaolou also renounces his wife, saying he never loved her. Her pain knows no bounds and as a result of his betrayal, she hangs herself. So much sorrow and damage occurs during these public denunciations which happen to also mirror the filmmaker’s own life.   Kaige remains haunted that he was forced to publicly denounce   his father during his   youth in the cultural revolution (â€Å"Chinese Film,† 1). The film ends as years later, when the revolution has ended,   the stage brothers are once again together in an opera.   During the performance Xiaolou announces he is too old. Whether intentional or not, Dieyi forgets the lines that say he is a girl; and Xiaolou prompts him. Dieyi continues with the play, only to stab himself and die. The friends are still together: in life and in death. Although different in style from Farewell My Concubine, Hero is a film that   has caused   unprecedented fervor, judging from the response of much of the population   of China. So far, it is the most popular   Chinese film ever released in the country, making phenomenal money there, only slightly less than Titanic. Despite being regarded by some Chinese as pandering to western tastes, the film also made enough money in the United States alone to cover production costs, providing a portal for many western viewers to begin watching other Chinese films previously unknown in the west. Like other films of the fifth generation genre, this movie demonstrates a rejection of  the socialist- realist tradition worked by the earlier communist Chinese filmmakers. With   the ever popular Jet Li as the star, the film is loosely based during the time of the warring  states, a period before the unification of China. This story has also been told in other  versions, notably Kaige’s The Emperor and the Asssassin (1998) and Zhou Xiaowen’s The Emperor’s Shadow (1996). Yet Yimon chose to develop his own historical story  based on the turbulent days leading up to the founding of the Qin dynasty when seven  kingdoms struggled for supremacy. This setting contrasts with the mystical â€Å"martial worlds† of   similar films which exist somewhere away from reality. (Qin in Wade Gilles  parlance is the same as Ch’in from which the English word for China probably derived). (Chinese Film, 2). With Hero Yimon is working out of the tradition of the wuxia pian: a swordplay or martial arts film. Not   to be confused with a kung fu movie, this concepts involves a more idealized realm of legendary heroes living marginalized, carefree lives on the edges of everyday society. Their weapons of choice are swords, spears, and daggers. In the typical wuxian film, some incident draws the swordsman into the everyday world, in order to fight, albeit reluctantly. However, he retains a firm moral compass to defend the helpless against corrupt officials or leaders. The genre has been a regular part of Chinese cinema since the 20s (â€Å"Hero,† 1). Yet the genre has been reconfigured by Yimon, who addresses the present by looking backwards and sideways; backwards to the 90s postmodern wuxia   persona and sideways to Hong Kong commercial cinema. Absorbing the subversive innovations of Hong Kong film directors Tsui Hark and Wong Kar Wai, Yimon also digs back to his roots, and recreates as wuxia pian, the cinema of pure spectacle and philosophical meditation that he as a cinematographer and Chen Kaige created in 1984 with Yellow Earth. Using spectacle rather than storytelling is one way to open up the complex world of Hero to the violent opposing critical reactions (Chinese Cinema, 2). Also, he no longer uses revenge as the sole element comprising the story. With Hero Yimon attempts to move martial arts beyond the concept of revenge, even as he explores what it means to be a martial hero (Kung Fu Cinema, 1). As the tale progresses, this film also incorporates themes of loyalty and betrayal, using a series of Rashomon flashbacks. Like the layers of an onion unfolding, each unraveled   tale produces additional insights. These accounts shape the story of how one man defeats three assassins who sought to murder the most powerful warlord   in reunified China ( IMDB,1) As the story begins, Jet Li, who is called Nameless, starts to recount his martial victories to the emperor of Qin, telling how he defeated each of the three assassins, all members of a neighboring kingdom, who are sworn to kill the king to avenge their subjugation. Thus the main protagonist is seen defending the cause traditionally attributed to the villain by protecting the thing that causes others to seek revenge. Yet subsequent flashbacks revisit and reinterpret the same events, elaborating on and changing the story as it continues. However, it is only after the initial setup that the king responds with his own version of events. As a new story unfolds, it is literally painted in a different color. Even as this account unfolds, there appears a third which happens to be the final version of the truth (Kung Fu Cinema, 1). Through each successive narrative, the viewer sees friendship and loyalty among the assassins, who then appear pained when it seems that they are betrayed. Each story has the characters questioning themselves and others regarding motives, wondering who is their true friend and true love, then going to extreme lengths to prove that love and undying loyalty. With each version motives are questioned as to whom is the true person and whom is the betrayer. Things are never what they seem. Sky allows himself to be killed because he is loyal to a higher cause, while Nameless appears to be loyal to the king when actually he wants to kill him because he destroyed his family and kingdom. Sky, Broken Sword, Flying Snow and Nameless appear to have differing relationships in each of the three versions. In one version Snow is furious that Broken Sword had a chance to kill the king, then refused; that he appeared to have betrayed their group. He tells Nameless why. His calligraphy   showed â€Å"our land.† Nameless later gives this calligraphy to the king. It is a Chinese proverb which states,† to suffer yourself when all under heaven suffer, to enjoy only when all under heaven enjoy.†Ã‚   This is concept greater than individual loyalty. Transcending personal vendettas, it calls for the greater good of the masses. Nameless ought to consider what is right for the majority, and not just what is right for himself. As a chivalrous hero of great skill in the wuxia tradition, Nameless is duty bound to do whatever is most righteous, no matter the personal cost to himself (â€Å"Hero†, 4). When Nameless gets the chance to kill the king and comes within ten paces of him to do so, telling him of his personal grudge, he too recalls â€Å"our land.† and allows himself to be executed for a greater good, becoming loyal to a country rather than just his immediate surroundings. Dying a criminal he is buried as a hero. In the meantime, there is always a relationship between Broken Sword and Flying Snow, one so powerful that it defies betrayal by other relationships. By the end, although Snow is confused whether Broken Sword really loves her, whether he is truly loyal, he shows her by refusing to defend himself in a fight. She kills him, then distraught over the act, kills herself so they will go home together. As Nameless debates over what to do in his meeting with the king, Yimon actually shows both characters as heroes. Both have causes to which they are loyal. One is a defender with raging inner turmoil, and the other is a unifier with raging outer turmoil as he struggles to bring all the competing kingdoms together. Yet Nameless undergoes a spiritual and emotional transformation as he finds that being a true hero means rising above one’s petty loyalties; it also takes trust to find a higher cause. Both men share insights that aid them to overcome their mutual conflict as they share the ideal that both want what is best for the masses. As Nameless empties himself of his own desires, renouncing what he wants, he becomes invulnerable. Led by Broken Sword, Nameless has grown to accept that his loyalties were merely provisional, way stations on the path to something greater, though less tangible. By doing so, he echoes the philosophical tenets of Daoism with his self emptying. (Cinema Scope,p. 9). Yet Yimou has been criticized for rewriting history, portraying the King of Qin as rosier than past historical accounts have shown. These accounts demonstrate that the man was a brutal tyrant. Additionally, the film’s strong adherence to sacrificing one’s individuality for the good of the many as filtered through the state is a concept the pro communist Chinese government was pleased with. However, at a press conference Yimou insisted that choosing which dynasty to put in the story was an aesthetic choice not preconditioned by any one political slant (Kung Fu, 1). Many critics deride Yimou over the position in the film, forgetting that this was one of several narratives. Granted, the story can be seen as putting the good of the many over the good of the individual; that loyalty to the masses trumphs individual loyalty. However, Hero can also be seen as a multiple narrative since the tales by Nameless and the king are mutually contradictory. In this context, tyranny is not simply a means to an end. Although viewers who want to align themselves with the king of Qin will see a paean to Chinese unity and totalitarianism,; the reading is there for the taking. But such a position neglects to take into account the film’s clear message of underminding the limited authority of any single individual and the idea of narrative as closure itself. Cinema Scope Magazine notes that Hero celebrates absence as spectacle, glorifying absolute renunciation and perfect nonviolence as preconditions for peace. Like Nameless, it speaks to power, underminding authority’s grip on narrativity. Instead of a struggle within the narrative, Hero puts the control of the narrative into dispute. It is really about who has control of the story: Nameless or the king. As filmed philosophically, it is Yimou’s continual challenge to any   state or empire. Hero is allied to Daoism, a set of ideals which finds fullness in absence, transcendence in renunciation, fullness in letting go. The Lao Txu Dao’s primary text was written during the time of the Warring States, the period of turmoil that ended with the unification of China under Qin. In Hero he is still years away from this great accomplishment, simply the king of Qin. Yimou’s best recent films The Story of Qiu Ju (1992) and Not One Less contain the same concept of speaking stories to power. Yimou has struggled with authorities over who gets to tell the authentic story; how divergent it can be from the official version . He still has movies such as To Live that are officially banned in China today because of their recount of the unacceptably critical history of the People‘s Republic of china form 1945 to the 70s   (â€Å"Hero,† 3). Both Farewell My Concubine and Hero are marvelous spectacles, demonstrating in differing styles various allegiances, alliances, and betrayals; even renunciation of individual loyalty for the greater good. A glimpse of turbulent Chinese history can be gleaned through the films. The international audience is so much the   richer for having these works in their repetoire. References Clark, P. (2005).   Republic of China: A Generation and its Films. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press â€Å"Chinese Film,† (2006). Wikipedia. Retrieved 5 August 2006. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/farewell_my_concubine/ CinemaScope. (2003). Vol 5, issue I, no14. Retrieved 4 August 2006. â€Å"Farewell My Concubine.† (2006). Chinese Cinema.org.   Retrieved 5 August 2006. www.chinesecinema.org â€Å"Hero,† (2004). Men’s Health. September. Retrieved 4 August 2006. Ij, F. (2005). â€Å"Review of Reinventing China: A Generation and its Film† Film Criticism. Vol. 30. IMDB.(2006). www.internetmoviedatabase.net   Retrieved 4 August 2006. Kung Fu Cinema. (2006). www.kungfucinema.com Retrieved 6 August 2006. â€Å"Movie Reviews,† (2006). Colossus.net. Retrieved $ August 2006 www.colossus.net Zhang, X. (1997). Chinese Modernism in the Era of Reform. Durham, NC: Duke U Press.                                          

William Robinson-Rise to Fame essays

William Robinson-Rise to Fame essays (b) Write a brief article for the journal Art and Australia about Australian artist William Robinson. Your article should examine how relationships between the agencies of the art world have contributed to his rise to fame. In 1976 his work fetched the then flattering price of seven hundred dollars. Since then both the price and the talent we associate with his work has taken an ever increasing upward spiral. In fact, only a few years ago his Creation Series: The Ancient Trees, 19978 reached a record price of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Two time winner of both the Archibald Prize for portraiture and the Wynne prize for landscape painting Australia painter William Robinson is still able to amaze many with his beautiful portrayals of the Australian landscapes. Robinsons talent and the high quality and artistic achievement in his paintings were first recognised by the National Gallery of Victoria, an establish gallery who purchased one f his large landscapes, showcasing his work to the public. This initial exposure allowed art dealers, critics and the museum going public to witness his work. Ray Hughes, an art dealer, recognised Robinsons talent and soon after began exhibiting his Robinsons in his own Brisbane and Sydney museums. The artist in 1987 submitted his painting entitled Equestrian Self-Portrait into the Archibald Prize for Portraiture, Australias Premier Portraiture Award, a highly prestigious award showcasing contenders in the Art Gallery of New South Wales. Robinson soon after took first place and was awarded a cash prize as well as the publicity the prize itself generated. This was only the beginning. In 1990 and 1995, William Robinson took first place and was awarded the Wynne prize for Landscape painting for his paintings The Rainforest, 1990 and Creation Landscape: earth and Sea, 1995. This prize was awarded to the painting ...

Microsoft Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Microsoft - Case Study Example Along with this Microsoft excel and Microsoft word are both consider as the leaders in their respective markets, and at that time both the Microsoft products took away the leadership from their leading products. Microsoft on the other hand also leads all the applications suite market along with its office system, because there were many other products that aimed at the business market. (Msters, 198, no page) The first ever product, which Microsoft created, was one of the versions of basic language for the very first computers known as Altair 8800. At that time Microsoft also continued to be a leader in the area of software development market along with its visual STUDIO NET and also MICROSOFT SQL. These both above-mentioned services are used in order to create much better known software, which also runs on the Windows operating system. Apart from this Microsoft are also considering as a target for anti-competitive practices, it is also consider as one of the most powerful and also most successful software companies ever formed. Furthermore there were many companies which have no doubt tried to bring this company down but they all failed. Because Microsoft is a company, which continues to further, expand in future. Microsoft known is one of the best companies in the field of information technology. Bill Gates the owner of Microsoft presented such types of information technology related products, which are proved very much advantageous for us. Different kinds of operating systems which are now used very much frequently are much more advantageous and beneficial for all of us. The operating systems invented by the Microsoft are such kind of the operating system, which provides deep insight knowledge for each and every customer or for those who use it frequently. (Msters, 198, no page) Microsoft has done really a great job; it has provided us much different kind of facilities with the help of which we can do various tasks in just a second. It's only because of it that now we are able to perform different kinds of duties and tasks very easily. MAIN BODY This part basically includes the inventions, which are done by Microsoft. Disk operating system, which is also known as DOS, was a perfect kind of operating system that helps a lot the company to find its first real success. It was only the disk operating system (DOS) with the help of which Microsoft gained a huge success, and this huge success made Microsoft one of the best worldwide company or organization. Later on during the transition of MS DOS to windows, Microsoft gained more and more success and this success allowed the company also to attain ground on the application software competitors. (Msters, 198, no page) Later on in 1993, Microsoft also released a windows known as windows NT 3.1, which is known as a business for an operating system along with this the windows 3.1 was also termed as an user interface but apart from this it was an entirely different and unique operating system. Microsoft is considered as an innovative and also a creative organization or a company, because behind the success of each and every company there is a special thing which is used in order to gain more and more suc